DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
Direct Speech / Quoted Speech
Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word. For example :
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations" or
"Today's lesson is on presentations", she said.

Indirect Speech

In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly.
In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech.  Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.
Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb.
No
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01
He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
02
He asked me, "why do you come late."
He asked me why I came late.
03
He orderd me, "don't bring a bag."
He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.



Reported Speech. The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:
Direct speech
Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
He said he was going to the cinema.

Changes in pronoun in Indirect Speech.
The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change. 
1.      First person pronoun in reported speech
I, we, me, us, mine, or our, is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb if pronoun in reporting verb is third person pronoun i.e. he, she, it, they, him, his, her, them or their.
Examples :
Direct speech              : He said, “I live in New York”
Indirect speech            : He said that he lived in New York.
Direct speech              : They said, “we love our country”
Indirect speech            : They said that they loved their country
2.      First person pronoun in reported speech  
I, we, me, us, mine, or our, is not changed if the pronoun (Subject) of reporting is also first person pronoun i.e. I or we.
Examples :
Direct speech              : I said, “I write a letter” 
Indirect speech            : I said that I wrote a letter.
Direct speech              : We said, “we completed our work”
Indirect speech            : We said that we completed our work.
3.      Second person pronoun in reported speech i.e. you, yours is changed according to the person of object of reporting verb.
Examples :
Direct speech              : She said to him, “you are intelligent”
Indirect speech            : She said to him that he was intelligent.
Direct speech              : He said to me, “you are late for the party
Indirect speech            : He said to me that I was late for the party.
4.      Third person pronoun in reported speech i.e. he, she, it, they, him, his, her, them      or their, is not changed in indirect speech.
Examples :
Direct speech              : They said, “he will come”
Indirect speech            : They said that he would come. 
Direct speech              : You said, “they are waiting for the bus”
Indirect speech            : You said that they were waiting for the bus.
Changes in time and adverbs in indirect speech. Time and adverbs are changed in indirect speech.
Examples :
Direct speech              : He said, “I will buy a book tomorrow” 
Indirect speech            : He said that he would buy a book the next day.
Direct speech              : She said, “I am happy now”
Indirect speech            : She said that she was happy then.
Direct speech              : He said, “I like this book”
Indirect speech            : He said that he liked that book. 

Common Rules
Today changes to that day/the same day 
Tomorrow changes to the next day/the following day 
Yesterday changes to the day before/the previous day 
Next week/month/year changes to the following week/month/year 
Last week/month/year changes to the previous week/month/year 
Now/just changes to then
Ago changes to before 
Here changes to there
This changes to that


Tense change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):
Direct speech

Indirect speech
Present simple 
She said, "It's cold."
›
Past simple 
She said it was cold.
Present continuous 
She said, "I'm teaching English online."
›
Past continuous 
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple 
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
›
Past perfect simple 
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous 
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
›
Past perfect continuous 
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple 
She said, "I taught online yesterday."
›
Past perfect 
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous 
She said, "I was teaching earlier."
›
Past perfect continuous 
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect 
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."
›
Past perfect 
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
›
Past perfect continuous 
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
Direct speech

Indirect speech
will 
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."
›
would 
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can 
She said, "I can teach English online."
›
could 
She said she could teach English online.
must 
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."
›
had to 
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall 
She said, "What shall we learn today?"
›
should 
She asked what we should learn today.
may 
She said, "May I open a new browser?"
›
might 
She asked if she might open a new browser.

 There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.
Direct speech
Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said.
He said he might go to the cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:
Direct speech
Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.
She said her name was Lynne.
                    or
She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.
Direct speech (exact quote)
Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech", she said.
She said next week's lesson will be on reported speech.

Time change
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting. For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.
Now
+ 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations."
She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.
                                   or
She said yesterday's lesson would be on presentations.

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening)
›
that (evening)
today
›
yesterday ...
these (days)
›
those (days)
now
›
then
(a week) ago
›
(a week) before
last weekend
›
the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here
›
there
next (week)
›
the following (week)
tomorrow
›
the next/following day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).
For example:-
At work
At home
"How long have you worked here?"
She asked me how long I'd worked there.

Pronoun change
In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.

For example:
Me
You
"I teach English online."
Direct Speech
She said, "I teach English online."
"I teach English online", she said.
Indirect Speech
She said she teaches English online.
or
She said she taught English online.



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